Donald Norman – Cognitive and affective components of design

For whatever reason, I’ve found myself mentioning a passage a lot recently to clients. It’s from Donald Norman’s Emotional Design, and it is about the role emotion plays in usability.

A few points I found interesting:

  • Anxiety inhibits creativity: Anxiety tends to make people less curious, less open, and less able to find new solutions to problems. Anxiety tends to make people very linear, constricted, and closed off to new approaches. Anxious people tend to cleave to what they already know and follow that whether it is appropriate to the problems at hand or not, which leads to the second point…
  • Anxiety exacerbates usability problems: In a state of anxiety users will tend to fixate on details, lose the big picture and just repeat their mistakes over and over again, which leads to frustration and more anxiety.
  • Anxiety is not always bad: It can help a user concentrate on the details when this kind of concentration on details is needed. Norman even suggests ways to build slight anxiety into an experience.
  • The design process benefits from alternation between relaxed and anxious states of mind.

Here’s the passage:

… Everything you do has both a cognitive and an affective component — cognitive to assign meaning, affective to assign value. You cannot escape affect: it is always there. More important, the affective state, whether positive or negative affect, changes how we think.

When you are in a state of negative affect, feeling anxious or endangered, the neurotransmitters focus the brain processing. Focus refers to the ability to concentrate upon a topic, without distraction, and then to go deeper and deeper into the topic until some resolution is reached. Focus also implies concentration upon the details. it is very important for survival, which is where negative affect plays a major role. Whenever your brain detects something that might be dangerous, whether through visceral or reflective processing, your affective system acts to tense muscles in preparation for action and to alert the behavioral and reflective levels to stop and concentrate upon the problem. The neurotransmitters bias the brain to focus upon the problem and avoid distractions. This is just what you need to do in order to deal with danger.

When you are in a state of positive affect, the very opposite actions take place. Now, neurotransmitters broaden the brain processing, the muscles can relax, and the brain attends to the opportunities offered by the positive affect. The broadening means that you are now far less focused, and far more likely to be receptive to interruptions and to attending to any novel idea or event. Positive affect arouses curiosity, engages creativity, and makes the brain into an effective learning organism. With positive affect, you are more likely to see the forest than the trees, to prefer the big picture and not to concentrate upon details. on the other hand, when you are sad or anxious, feeling negative affect, you are more likely to see the trees before the forest, the details before the big picture.

What role do these states have in design? First, someone who is relaxed, happy, in a pleasant mood, is more creative, more able to overlook and cope with minor problems with a device — especially if it’s fun to work with. Recall the reviewer of the Mini Cooper automobile, quoted in the prologue, who recommended that the car’s faults be ignored because it was so much fun. Second, when people are anxious, they are more focused, so where this is likely to be the case, the designer must pay special attention to ensure that all the information required to do the task is continually at hand, readily visible, with clear and unambiguous feedback about the operations that the device is performing. Designers can get away with more if the product is fun and enjoyable. Things intended to be used under stressful situations require a lot more care, with much more attention to detail.

One interesting effect of the differences in thought processes of the two states is the impact upon the design process itself. Design — and for that matter, most problem solving — requires creative thinking followed by a considerable period of concentrated, focused effort. In the first case, creativity, it is good for the designer to be relaxed, in a good mood. Thus, in brainstorming sessions, it is common to warm up by telling jokes and playing games. No criticism is allowed because it would raise the level of anxiety among the participants. Good brainstorming and unusual, creative thinking require the relaxed state induced by positive affect.

Once the creative stage is completed, the ideas that have been generated have to be transformed into real products. Now the design team must exert considerable attention to detail. Here, focus is essential. One way to do this is through deadlines just slightly shorter than feel comfortable. Here is the time for the concentrated focus that negative affect produces. This is one reason people often impose deadlines on themselves, and then announce those deadlines to others so as to make them real. Their anxiety helps them get the work done.

Oh no — not another “paradigm shift”!

This passage from James Gleik’s Chaos is a reminder of one of the major challenges user experience professionals face when we speaking to the uninitiated — to those coming from a deployment-centric perspective:

To some the difficulty of communicating the new ideas and the ferocious resistance from traditional quarters showed how revolutionary the new science was. Shallow ideas can be assimilated; ideas that require people to reorganize their picture of the world provoke hostility. A physicist at the Georgia Institute of Technology, Joseph Ford, started quoting Tolstoy: “I know that most men, including those at ease with problems of the greatest complexity, can seldom accept even the simplest and most obvious truth if it be such as would oblige them to admit the falsity of conclusions which they have delighted in explaining to colleagues, which they have proudly taught to others, and which they have woven, thread by thread, into the fabric of their lives.”

The expectation of those we are speaking to is that we will add to their existing process, without deeply modifying what they do. In fact, we are introducing significantly deep and disruptive methodological changes.

Further, we ask for something truly difficult, not only cognitively but also affectively: We ask them to shift their perspective and see what they do from a different angle. The more we can recognize the anxieties that accompany this kind of shift the more compassionately and effectively we can address it.

Authenticity and tact

Authenticity means that someone stands for something. They come from a perspective. That perspective is truly how that person sees things, and that perspective is held steadily. In other words, the person is sincere and can be counted on to stick to his view and behave consistently in accord with it.

Tact means that someone is sensitive to those around him. He knows others have different perspectives from his own, and that these perspectival differences add considerable challenge to communication. Tact is the art of navigating differing perspectives.

*

Authenticity and tact are mutually dependent.

Without tact, authenticity degrades into ideological insularity: rigid, narrow, simplistic enslavement to unexamined concepts.

Without authenticity, tact degrades into a soulless exedientism that says whatever it believes will ingratiate it to its audience.

We should not attempt to avoid being “flip-floppers” by becoming rigid and insensitive to other people. We should not attempt to avoid being rigid, inflexible and insensitive by conforming ourselves to the expectations of others. (If a slope tilted in one direction is slippery, does tilting it in the opposite direction make it any less slippery?)

Nor should we try to find some compromise by averaging the two. This produces embarrassingly bland equivocating, convoluted, and barely-principled half-way solutions. It only serves to reinforce extremism.

The solution is dialogue, and it requires the marriage of authenticity and tact. Dialogue is mutual teaching and mutual being taught — knowing how you see, learning how the other sees, sharing how you see, deepening your vision: mutual growth is the soul of dialogue.

*

Organization-centrism is generally bad news. It shares the characteristics of authenticity without tact.

User-centrism is generally a great improvement over organization-centrism. It at least understands a user’s functional problems and addresses them with superior utility, which the “user” finds more useful and more usable (notice all the “use” language). Unfortunately, user-centrism shares the characteristics of tact without authenticity. Like many utilitarian things, it tends to lacks charisma, excitement, genuine felt inspiration. Its self-effacement can give it a generic or hollow quality which is only accentuated by attempts to increase its appeal by infusing it with “desirable” qualities.

User experience is at its best helping commodity businesses become incrementally improved commodity businesses.

This improvement, though, can actually do harm. What makes a commodity a commodity is that it aims for the same ideal as its competitors. Everyone is chasing the same thing. But to chase an ideal is to endorse an ideal. Is your company in a better position than its competitors is to deliver on that ideal in the long term? If so, you should pray that your competitors employ user-centered approaches, because whatever gains they make will be easily imitated and they will reinforce a vision of your offering that serves your organization. Your competitors will be an inexpensive R&D department for you.

If this is not the case, however — and it rarely is — You might want to ask yourself some questions: Where did customers learn to see the products they buy? On complex purchases, customers learn to think about what they are about to purchase, and this way of thinking projects an ideal. Is this framework fixed and inevitable? Is it changeable? Would changing conceptions of the ideal product make the purchase simpler or more exciting?

Don’t worry if you cannot answer the question. Recognizing that the question can be asked and then really asking it is the hardest part.

The methods of synetic branding help you discover-invent the answer.

Gadamer on dialogue

This passage gets very close to the crux of synetic brand:

When we try to examine the hermeneutical phenomenon through the model of conversation between two persons, the chief thing that these apparently so different situations — understanding a text [NOTE: or a design] and reaching an understanding in a conversation — have in common is that both are concerned with a subject matter that is placed before them. Just as each interlocutor is trying to reach agreement on some subject with his partner, so also the interpreter [ / user] is trying to understand what the text [ / design] is saying. This understanding of the subject matter must take the form of language. It is not that the understanding is subsequently put into words; rather, the way understanding occurs — whether in the case of a text or a dialogue with another person who raises an issue with us — is the coming-into-language of the thing itself. Thus we will first consider the structure of dialogue proper, in order to specify the character of that other form of dialogue that is the understanding of texts. Whereas up to now we have framed the constitutive significance of the question for the hermeneutical phenomenon in terms of conversation, we must now demonstrate the linguisticality of dialogue, which is the basis of the question, as an element of hermeneutics.

Our first point is that the language in which something comes to speak is not a possession at the disposal of one or the other of the interlocutors. Every conversation presupposes a common language, or better, creates a common language. Something is placed in the center, as the Greeks say, which the partners in dialogue both share, and concerning which they can exchange ideas with one another. Hence reaching an understanding on the subject matter of a conversation necessarily means that a common language must first be worked out in the conversation. This is not an external matter of simply adjusting our tools; nor is it even right to say that the partners adapt themselves to one another but, rather, in a successful conversation they both come under the influence of the truth of the object and are thus bound to one another in a new community. To reach an understanding [synesis] in a dialogue is not merely a matter of putting oneself forward and successfully asserting one’s own point of view, but being transformed into a communion in which we do not remain what we were.

*

Synetic branding is neither organization-centric, nor is it user-centric.

Synetic branding is relationship-centric, which means all parties, through dialogue, come to a mutually transformative  shared understanding.

Synetic branding is the method of generating dialogue between an organization and those who participate in the organization (stakeholders). “To reach [synesis] in a dialogue is not merely a matter of putting oneself forward and successfully asserting one’s own point of view, but being transformed into a communion in which we do not remain what we were.”

Synetic branding sees brand neither as the possession of an organization, nor as the image of the organization in the minds of customers, etc. Neither is exactly wrong, but neither is right enough.

Synetic branding is participatory, which means that brand is a whole that exceeds each of its parts, which both influences and is influenced by its parts. A participant in a synetic brand, whether he participates as an executive, an employee, a shareholder, a partner or a customer, sees by way of the brand’s vision, but to some degree changes the brand’s vision through his participation. The object of this vision is the field with which an organization concerns itself and its offerings within that field, but the vision extends far beyond the object, and influences aesthetic (thus brand identity systems) and how related offerings are perceived (thus brand equity).

Synetic branding means taking responsibility for cultivating mutual understanding among all who participate and recognizing that the essence of a brand is precisely the mutuality of the understanding. Everything, including all the things people commonly mistake for brand itself, such as the image of the company in the minds of whoever), follows from this. Failure to recognize this fact is what has made so many companies into decorated commodity clones. They see everything the same way, manage themselves the same way, follow tweaked and relabeled versions of identical processes, make the same kinds of trade-offs and basically aim for the same ideal as everyone else.

Synetic brand uses large-scale dialogue between an organization’s participants to discover new unifying perspectives on an organization’s offerings that otherwise would remain invisible to everyone.

These perspectives open new questions and new possibilities in the organization’s field of concern. This is the foundation of meaningful innovation and sustainable competitive advantage.

Nietzsche, proto-brand strategist

Standing in line for several hours to buy my iPhone I had plenty of time to contemplate the question of whether I really wanted to pay $1800 (est. total cost of ownership) for a mobile device. In the end I consoled myself with the thought that I was not only going to have a very cool device, I was contributing to the Apple cause.

I believe in what Apple believes in. I identify with them. Their products make life more interesting and joyous. I want them to thrive.

When I considered the expenditure both a purchase and a sort of secular tithe, it became something I was very happy to do.

*

I’ve learned a great deal from Nietzsche, including this:

The respect-tax. — When someone we know and honour, whether he be a physician, artist or artisan, does or makes something for us, we are happy to pay him as much as we can, often indeed beyond our real capacities: on the other hand, we will pay someone unknown to us as little as we can get away with; this is a struggle in which everyone fights for every foot of land and for which he makes everyone fight him. In the case of work done for us by someone we know there is something beyond price, the feeling and invention he has put into his work on our account: we believe we can express our sensibility of this in no other way than through a kind of sacrifice on our part. — The highest tax is the respect-tax. The more the competitive market dominates and we buy from strangers and work for strangers, the lower this tax will be: whereas it is in fact the standard of measurement of the degree of commerce between human souls.

The entire purpose of synetic brand is to raise the respect-tax.

*

User-centric is only incrementally better than being organization-centric. A real relationship is mutual and reciprocal. Cultivating this kind of relationship is the purpose of experience strategy and design.

Synetic brand manifesto

1) Brand at its best is essentially synesis, a shared understanding. Synesis is a Greek word which literally means “together”. This together is twofold: it is seeing something as together — as coherent — and seeing this coherence together with others. So synesis has a social and a cognitive dimension, and both are essential and inseparable. Synesis simultaneously provides a sense of social belonging and clarity. A brand intentionally conceived and cultivated in terms of synesis, is a synetic brand. The synesis of a synetic brand centers on the activities and offerings of an organization, but the effect of the synesis extends beyond its primary object. Its scope is a shared field of vision, an angle of sight.

2) Synesis is the foundation of all human relationship. (This is why when we are getting to know someone new we naturally emphasize commonalities and points of agreement.) A synetic brand is also the basis of a system of human relationships, a complex network of internal and external stakeholders. (The internal stakeholders are the members of the organization; and the external stakeholders are those who interact with the organization from the outside.). The brand should not be seen as an attribute (or set of attributes, properties, qualities or characteristics) of the organization — the brand permeates the entire relationship. Synetic branding is the activity of intentionally cultivating an organization toward the kind of behaviors and appearances conducive to fostering specific kinds of relationships among its internal and external stakeholders, and between each stakeholder and the organization as a whole.

3) Synetic brands are cultivated not manufactured. We are working with living, human relationships — not (only) intellectual or operational machinery.

4) A synetic brand is not proscriptive, but generative. More specifically, it is con-genial: it is a creative vision by which a community can work together, create together and transact together harmoniously, productively and coherently. The particular logic and sensibility of the brand pre-aligns people’s efforts, and helps things come together organically with less misunderstanding and conflict. The proscriptive systematic approach to branding (typified by corporate brand standards manuals) is an attempt to simulate the effect of organic togetherness that belongs to synesis, but its effectiveness is limited, it can never quite overcome that that tell-tale stiffness, inauthenticity and quality of contrivance (the odor of marketing), and its effect on organizational cultures is oppressive. (This is the main political barrier brand strategists encounter when restructuring a brand architecture.) Synetic brand, by contrast, is inspiring.

5) Synetic brand works at an implicit and explicit level. It is not only about emotion and instinct, nor it is only about functions, features, and concrete advantages. It is about the alignment of all considerations, so every consideration points toward a single undivided, non-ambivalent conclusion one can embrace whole-heartedly, without reservation.

6) Synetic brand reveals an organization’s offerings as superior. The organization (if it is sufficiently conscious) makes decisions about its offerings according to certain standards of excellence. If a stakeholder accepts these standards as valid, the stakeholder is likely to share the organization’s high opinion of its own offerings. Synetic brand’s purpose is to help all stakeholders see by its own standards of excellence. A synetic brand persuades without argument. It shows.

7) Positioning is relative. Competitors are not positioned on a single competitive landscape. Each competitor, if it has a brand vision, sees its competitive landscape differently. How the competitive landscape is seen by stakeholders is what is at stake in positioning: positioning is relative. A set of competitors who see the competitive landscape the same way are caught in a commodity brawl. Commodities exist in a brand void, in the customary, uncritical popular vision. Sometimes this customary way of looking at a product was in fact created by the market leader, and market’s mass-minded  submission to this vision is the means by which the market leader preserves its position.

8) A stakeholder who sees according to a synetic brand vision (or brand synesis) is literally prejudiced against all other brands. It is a self-evident empirical fact that other brands do not get it. Once you accept the vision, the conclusion automatically and precognitively follows. Synetic branding can be seen as prejudice design. But the prejudices are not false prejudices, they are a legacy of correct judgments that are no longer revisited but assumed when making judgments (thus pre-judicial) and in fact have become instinctive.

9) Synetic branding rests on a foundation of understanding, gained through interviews and the full range of user research techniques. It needs to understand the current goals, needs, behaviors, attitudes and mental models of all its stakeholders, internal and external. However, unlike classic user experience, it does not seek this understanding in order to conform to it. It seeks this understanding in order to reach a shared understanding, which will likely modify the understanding of both the organization and its stakeholders. The iterative process of user research, clarification of synetic brand, and user experience design is a complex form of dialogue.

10) A synetically on-brand offering is experienced not only as a thing that is obviously good (by the criteria of the shared value standards of the synetic brand), it is also taken as an affirmation of the synetic relationship. The ideal is that of the gift. One loves an inspired gift at every level simultaneously: the receiver of the perfect gift loves the perfection of the gift itself, loves the fact that the other somehow knew the gift was perfect; loves the intention of the gift, the concern, the understanding, the sheer giving. “You know me!”: This is what a synetic brand says to everyone who participates in the brand. We all want to be known, recognized… sought. Fundamental human needs are at work here. It is decent and right and deeply satisfying to satisfy such needs. When an organization profits from it, the whole world celebrates it.

11) A synetic brand is the best truth of an organization. To be effective as truth it must be believed as truth, seen as the self-evident truth, and to be practically effective. Once you see it… there it is. If you have to maintain it as a conviction, repeat or profess it or pledge to it, or whatever, it is not a authentic. A belief that takes itself as a belief is already expired. It shouldn’t even be experienced as a belief, but as reality itself. The surest means of establishing and preserving belief in something as truth is for it to actually be true. You can’t manufacture it. You have to look for it, spot it, then exhibit it. It appears as a moment of clarity on what the organization is all about. If you stop short of this, you’ll have one more bullshit brand who stands on a reputation of passion, innovation, integrity, putting the customer first, and all that. Can we just admit for once: nobody — nobody — believes a word of it, much less cares about it: it is empty gesture, a.k.a. marketing.

12) A synetic brand manifests holistically. It lives in every touchpoint, and even among external stakeholders who recognize in their enthusiasm for a particular brand a cultural kinship that runs far deeper than love for some particular product. It manifests behaviorally, functionally, critically, philosophically, poetically… stylistically in every form a style can occur: visually, verbally, audibly, kinetically, rhythmically, environmentally… The stomping grounds of synetic branding is culture in its entirety. This is not because synetic brand is somehow like culture or analogous to culture, but because synetic branding is culture.

Personas – two additions

Personas created as part of a synetic branding program should include: 1) a model of the competitive landscape as seen by the persona; 2) a positioning strategy to convert the persona to the brand vision – seeing the competitive landscape by the brand perspective.

Synetic brand model

An organization’s brand vision is a perspective that reveals the organization, its approach to its business, and its offerings as superior. This is the primary purpose of brand — to bring those involved with the brand (aka “stakeholders”) to see the organization and its offerings in the best light.

However, a brand perspective affects more than just the specific objects brand seeks to reveal — it organizes many incidental things around the view, and these things also indicate the perspective.

However, just as where one stands in a room organizes the entire room within a particular perspective, not only the object of one’s attention to (say, a couch one is walking around to inspect it from all angles), the perspective of the brand changes the appearance of the brand’s context. The brand perspective “tilts its context”.

The brand perspective then is given reinforcing coherence by including all possible cues of where one stands when one sees by the brand perspective — that common ground from which one sees when one really understands what the organization stands for. They intuitively indicate where to stand, or better, indicate in a very immediate way that you stand on common ground with the brand in the way stars indicate to navigators where they’ve sailed their ships.

*

Brand is primarily a perspective one wishes to share. The word for the understanding one gains through seeing by a shared perspective is synesis. Synesis is the Greek word for understanding (literally “together”, both in the sense of “seeing together with…” as well as “seeing as together”) in perspectival unity. The goal of synetic branding is to bring customers to see the world from the point of view of the brand, ordered within the brand perspective.

*

The fundamental elements of a brand model are:

  1. The brand perspective: From where it stands in regard to its purpose, how does the organization see what it is and does?
  2. The brand position: From where it stands in the competitive landscape, how does the organization see its competition? (This is relative positioning: there is no single competitive landscape, only the landscape viewed from competing synetic points.)
  3. The brand attributes: From where the organization stands, what seems ideal? What ethically, aesthetically, symbolically resonates when one stands here?